Cardio-oncology Clinical Assessment and Screening in Patients Undergoing High Toxicity Chemotherapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and cardio-oncological assessment in patients undertaking highly toxic chemotherapy and/or chest radiotherapy in a high-complexity hospital. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was carried out between January 1st, 2017 and December 31st, 2019. The medical records of patients with solid or hematological neoplasms were reviewed. Descriptive information was obtained on demographic characteristics, chemotherapeutic agents, pre-chemotherapy cardiovascular (CV) evaluation, and CV outcomes. The risk of complications was assessed using the Mayo Clinic risk score. RESULTS: A total of 499 patients were included, the most common neoplasm was non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (21.6%), followed by breast cancer (19.4%). A very high risk of cardiotoxicity was present in 44.1% and 90% were not evaluated by cardiology. Pre-chemotherapy echocardiography was obtained in 65%, but only 19.4% underwent echocardiographic control after finishing chemotherapy. The most frequent CV outcomes were chemotherapy-related systolic dysfunction (4.4%) and rhythm disturbances (2.8%), with atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter being the most frequent arrhythmias. CONCLUSION: Despite the recognized CV toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, the majority of patients receiving highly toxic regimens at high risk of CV complications are not previously evaluated by a cardiologist and the CV workup was not routinely used in our study. The implementation of cardio-oncology programs will facilitate the identification of high-risk patients, aiming to detect and treat complications early.

Perfil cardiovascular en pacientes con disfunción eréctil tratados en un centro de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia / Cardiovascular Profile in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction Treated in a High Complexity Center in Medellín City, Colombia

Objetivo Determinar el perfil cardiovascular de los pacientes con disfunción eréctil en un centro de alta complejidad de Medellín. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de disfunción eréctil confirmado por el departamento de Urología, tratados en un centro de alta complejidad de Medellín entre 2010 y 2017; excluyendo aquellos con historia clínica con información incompleta o con desenlace cardiovascular previo al diagnóstico de disfunción eréctil. Los datos se obtuvieron de fuentes secundarias y se realizó su registro en una base de datos para su análisis mediante paquete estadístico (SPSS 24 Inc, Chicago, IL). Resultados Se captaron, durante el periodo de estudio, 67 pacientes con disfunción eréctil que cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Con una media de edad de 47,5 años. El 82% presentó disfunción eréctil severa, que estuvo asociada con el antecedente de angina, enfermedad coronaria y síndrome coronario agudo. Así mismo, más del 80% de los pacientes con diabetes, hipertensión, dislipidemia, tabaquismo, enfermedad renal crónica, obesidad y alcoholismo considerados como marcadores importantes de riesgo cardiovascular, presentaron disfunción eréctil severa. Conclusión La comorbilidad cardiovascular en pacientes con DE es alta, existiendo una relación al compartir factores de riesgo y vías fisiopatológicas. Los pacientes con DE severa presentan mayor número de patologías asociadas, volviéndolos más propensos a desenlaces cardio-cerebrovasculares.

Objective To determine the cardiovascular profile of patients with erectile dysfunction in a high complexity center in Medellín. Methods Descriptive, retrospective study, in patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction confirmed by the Department of Urology, treated in a high complexity center of Medellín between 2010 and 2017; excluding those with a clinical history with incomplete information or with a cardiovascular outcome prior to the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction. The data were obtained from secondary sources and their registration was made in a database for analysis by statistical package (SPSS 24 Inc, Chicago, IL). Results 67 patients with erectile dysfunction were selected during the study period, who met the eligibility criteria. With an average age of 47.5 years. 82% had severe erectile dysfunction, and it was associated with a history of angina, coronary disease and acute coronary syndrome. Likewise, more than 80% of patients with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, chronic kidney disease, obesity and alcoholism, considered important markers of cardiovascular risk, presented severe erectile dysfunction. Conclusion Cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with ED is high, there is a relationship, sharing risk factors and pathophysiological pathways. Patients with severe ED have a greater number of associated pathologies, making them more prone to cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes.

Left bundle branch block as equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: when yes, when not?

A new or presumably new left bundle branch block along with ischemic symptoms has traditionally been considered an electrocardiographic equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, which should be brought to emergent reperfusion. However, several criteria have been proposed for its definition, but none has reached out an optimal diagnostic yield. Below we detail these criteria, their main problems and the advantages they have shown.

La presencia de un bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His nuevo o presumiblemente nuevo junto con síntomas isquémicos se ha considerado tradicionalmente un equivalente electrocardiográfico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, el cual debe ser llevado a reperfusión emergente. Para su definición se han propuesto varios criterios, pero ninguno ha alcanzado un rendimiento diagnóstico óptimo. A continuación detallaremos dichos criterios, sus principales problemas y las ventajas que han demostrado.

Left bundle branch block as equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: when yes, when not?

A new or presumably new left bundle branch block along with ischemic symptoms has traditionally been considered an electrocardiographic equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, which should be brought to emergent reperfusion. However, several criteria have been proposed for its definition, but none has reached out an optimal diagnostic yield. Below we detail these criteria, their main problems and the advantages they have shown.

La presencia de un bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His nuevo o presumiblemente nuevo junto con síntomas isquémicos se ha considerado tradicionalmente un equivalente electrocardiográfico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, el cual debe ser llevado a reperfusión emergente. Para su definición se han propuesto varios criterios, pero ninguno ha alcanzado un rendimiento diagnóstico óptimo. A continuación detallaremos dichos criterios, sus principales problemas y las ventajas que han demostrado.

Bloqueo de rama izquierda como equivalente ST, ¿cuándo sí, cuándo no? / Left bundle branch block as equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: when yes, when not?

Resumen La presencia de un bloqueo de rama izquierda del haz de His nuevo o presumiblemente nuevo junto con síntomas isquémicos se ha considerado tradicionalmente un equivalente electrocardiográfico de infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, el cual debe ser llevado a reperfusión emergente. Para su definición se han propuesto varios criterios, pero ninguno ha alcanzado un rendimiento diagnóstico óptimo. A continuación detallaremos dichos criterios, sus principales problemas y las ventajas que han demostrado.

Abstract A new or presumably new left bundle branch block along with ischemic symptoms has traditionally been considered an electrocardiographic equivalent of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, which should be brought to emergent reperfusion. However, several criteria have been proposed for its definition, but none has reached out an optimal diagnostic yield. Below we detail these criteria, their main problems and the advantages they have shown.

AVR ST-segment elevation as predictor of three-vessel disease in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.

Electrocardiogram is a useful tool for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. In recent years, ST-segment changes in aVR have been shown to provide valuable information about coronary anatomy and early risk stratification of this condition.

Accesos vasculares femoral y radial en intervenciones coronarias percutáneas en síndrome coronario agudo y enfermedad crónica inestabilizada / Radial and femoral vascular access in percutaneous coronary interventions in acute coronary syndrome and unstable chronic disease

Resumen La enfermedad cardiaca isquémica continúa siendo en la actualidad la principal causa de muerte en el mundo, pues genera más de 17.7 millones de decesos al año; específicamente, constituye alrededor del 30% de todas las causas de muerte en Colombia. Se han establecido diferentes estrategias de manejo que con el paso del tiempo han mostrado impacto en la disminución de la morbilidad y mortalidad por esta causa. La intervención coronaria percutánea es la que más se ha impuesto, y es en la actualidad la piedra angular para el tratamiento del síndrome coronario con o sin elevación del segmento ST. Existen diferentes sitios de acceso vascular; entre ellos los más destacados son la vía femoral y la radial. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia actual con base en estudios prospectivos y meta-análisis sobre las complicaciones y el posible compromiso de la funcionalidad de las extremidades irrigadas por los diferentes vasos de acceso.

Abstract Ischaemic heart disease still continues to be the main cause of death worldwide. It causes 17.7 million deaths, and in particular it constitutes around 30% of all-cause mortality in Colombia. Different management strategies have been established that, over time, have shown an impact in the reduction in the morbidity and mortality by this cause. Percutaneous coronary intervention has been the most effective, and is currently the cornerstone for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome with or without ST segment elevation. There are different vascular accesses, with the main ones being the femoral or radial route. In this article, the current evidence is reviewed, based on prospective studies and meta-analyses on the complications and possible compromise of functionality of the limbs irrigated by the different access vessels.

Therapeutic antibody targeting of Notch3 signaling prevents mural cell loss in CADASIL.

Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a neurological syndrome characterized by small vessel disease (SVD), stroke, and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia caused by mutations in NOTCH3 No therapies are available for this condition. Loss of mural cells, which encompass pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, is a hallmark of CADASIL and other SVDs, including diabetic retinopathy, resulting in vascular instability. Here, we showed that Notch3 signaling is both necessary and sufficient to support mural cell coverage in arteries using genetic rescue in Notch3 knockout mice. Furthermore, we show that systemic administration of an agonist Notch3 antibody prevents mural cell loss and modifies plasma proteins associated with Notch3 activity, including endostatin/collagen 18α1 and Notch3 extracellular domain in mice with the C455R mutation, a CADASIL variant associated with Notch3 loss of function. These findings open opportunities for the treatment of CADASIL and other SVDs by modulating Notch3 signaling.

Identification of RUNX1 as a Mediator of Aberrant Retinal Angiogenesis.

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is a common cause of blindness in the developed world's working adult population and affects those with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. We identified Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) as a gene upregulated in CD31+ vascular endothelial cells obtained from human PDR fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) via transcriptomic analysis. In vitro studies using human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) showed increased RUNX1 RNA and protein expression in response to high glucose, whereas RUNX1 inhibition reduced HRMEC migration, proliferation, and tube formation. Immunohistochemical staining for RUNX1 showed reactivity in vessels of patient-derived FVMs and angiogenic tufts in the retina of mice with oxygen-induced retinopathy, suggesting that RUNX1 upregulation is a hallmark of aberrant retinal angiogenesis. Inhibition of RUNX1 activity with the Ro5-3335 small molecule resulted in a significant reduction of neovascular tufts in oxygen-induced retinopathy, supporting the feasibility of targeting RUNX1 in aberrant retinal angiogenesis.

Validez y utilidad diagnóstica de la escala Eating Attitudes Test-26 para la evaluación del riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población / Diagnostic validity and usefulness of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 for the assessment of eating disorders risk in a Colombian male population masculina de Medellín, Colombia

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la validez y la utilidad diagnóstica de la escala Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT- 26) para la evaluación del riesgo de trastornos de conducta alimentaria (TCA) en población masculina. DISEÑO: Estudio observacional de validación de pruebas. Emplazamiento: Realizado en la ciudad de Medellín en nivel de atención comunitaria de consulta psiquiátrica mixta (pública y privada). PARTICIPANTES: Veintiún hombres con edad ≥ 14 años que cumplieran criterios DSM-IV-TR para anorexia nerviosa, bulimia nerviosa y eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), y 93 controles sin TCA. Mediciones principales: La muestra de casos fue por conveniencia y en controles, aleatoria simple. Se comparó el «criterio de oro» (entrevista estructurada por psiquiatra para determinar el cumplimiento o no de criterios de inclusión de caso de TCA) con el EAT-26, y al instrumento se le hizo validación cultural y semántica, validación factorial, evaluación de confiabilidad así como determinación del mejor punto de corte por medio de la curva ROC. RESULTADOS: En EAT-26 subyacen 4 dominios: dieta-bulimia y preocupación por comida, dieta, control oral-dieta y control oral-bulimia. El alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,89 y el mejor valor de corte el de ≥ 20 puntos (sensibilidad = 100%; especificidad = 97,8%). El valor predictivo positivo fue del 91,3% y el negativo, del 100,0%. CONCLUSIONES: El EAT-26 es un instrumento multidimensional con excelentes valores de confiabilidad, sensibilidad y especificidad, ideal para cribado de posibles TCA en población de riesgo, y podría ser de utilidad en atención primaria para la detección temprana en población masculina

OBJECTIVE: To establish the diagnostic validity and usefulness of Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT- 26) for the risk assessment of eating disorders in a male population. Description: Observational validation study questionnaire. SETTING: Performed in Medellin city at a community care level of mixed (public and private) psychiatric clinics. Subjects: The study included 21 male subjects aged ≥ 14 with DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), and 93 controls without ED. Main outcome measurements: A convenience sample was used for the cases and a simple, randomised one for controls. A reference standard (structured psychiatrist interview confirming the fulfilment of ED case inclusion criteria) was compared with the EAT-26 questionnaire. Reliability, cultural, semantics, and factorial validation were performed, and the best cut-off score was established with the ROC curve. RESULTS: Four domains remain in the instrument: dieting-bulimia and food pre-occupation, dieting, oral control-dieting, and oral control-bulimia. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.89, and a score of ≥ 20 is the best cut-off (sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 97.8%). The positive predictive value was 91.3% and the negative predictive value was 100.0%. CONCLUSIONS: EAT-26 questionnaire is an ideal multidimensional instrument for Eating Disorder screening in risk populations, with excellent reliability, sensitivity and specificity values. EAT-26 could be a useful tool to be considered when strategies for early detection of Eating Disorders are implemented in the male population

Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de pacientes con hemofilia registrados en la Liga de Hemofílicos de Antioquia (Colombia) / Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with hemophilia in Liga de Hemofilicos de Antioquia (Colombia)

Introducción: La hemofilia es una enfermedad hemorrágica hereditaria caracterizada por la ausencia o deficiencia de factores VIII y IX de la coagulación. Objetivo. Determinar el perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los pacientes con hemofilia registrados en la liga de hemofílicos de Antioquia (LIHEA) durante 2005-2011. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo transversal, la población fueron pacientes con hemofilia de la LIHEA que cumplieron con criterios de selección. Se diseñó un instrumento de recolección de información y se aplicó el instrumento Modelo de actitud en pacientes con hemofilia (MAPACHE). Las variables cuantitativas se analizaron con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, a las variables cualitativas se les estimó frecuencias absolutas, proporciones y razones. Resultados. Se incluyeron 36 hombres con hemofilia, con una mediana de 22 años de edad. En cuanto a los antecedentes personales los más frecuentes fueron HTA (8.3%) y tromboflebitis (5.6%). El sedentarismo fue el factor de riesgo de estilo de vida más común (8.3%). Las manifestaciones clínicas más frecuentes fueron hemartrosis (94.4%), hematomas musculares (80.6%) y equimosis (77.8%). En la mitad de los pacientes la enfermedad generó algún tipo de discapacidad, siendo la más frecuente la física (44.4%). El tratamiento farmacológico más frecuente fue profilaxis con factor VIII con un 88.9%, acompañado de la natación como principal tratamiento no farmacológico con un 77.8%. En cuanto al MAPACHE el 30.6% manifestó una actitud negativa hacia la enfermedad, un 5.6% fue neutra y para el 63.9% restante fue positiva. Conclusión. La hemofilia tuvo grandes repercusiones físicas y emocionales para los pacientes estudiados que la padecen

Introduction: Hemophilia is a hereditary hemorrhagic disorder characterized by the absence or deficiency of factors VIII and IX of the coagulation. Objective. To determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with hemophilia recorded in the Liga de Hemofilicos de Antioquia (LIHEA) during 2005-2011. Methodology. Descriptive transversal study, population were patients with hemophilia from LIHEA which met selection criteria. We designed a data collection instrument and applied the attitude instrument in patients with hemophilia (MAPACHE). The quantitative variables were analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion, the qualitative variables were estimated absolute frequencies, proportions and reasons. This research had the respective ethical guarantee. Results. We included 36 men with hemophilia, with a median of 22 years of age. In terms of the personal history, the most frequent were hypertension (8.3%) and thrombophlebitis (5.6%). Sedentariness was the most common lifestyle risk factor (8.3%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were hemarthrosis (94.4%), muscle hematomas (80.6%) and ecchymosis (77.8%). In half of the patients, disease generated some kind of disability, being the most common the physics (44.4%). The most common drug treatment was prophylactic factor VIII with 88.9 %, accompanied by swimming as the main non-pharmacological treatment with 77.8 %. Respect MAPACHE, the 30.6% expressed a negative attitude towards the disease, a 5.6% was neutral and the 63.9% was positive. Conclusion. Hemophilia is still a disease of great physical and emotional implications for studied patients who suffer it

[Diagnostic validity and usefulness of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 for the assessment of eating disorders risk in a Colombian male population]. / Validez y utilidad diagnóstica de la escala Eating Attitudes Test-26 para la evaluación del riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria en población masculina de Medellín, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the diagnostic validity and usefulness of Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) for the risk assessment of eating disorders in a male population. DESCRIPTION: Observational validation study questionnaire. SETTING: Performed in Medellin city at a community care level of mixed (public and private) psychiatric clinics. SUBJECTS: The study included 21 male subjects aged ≥14 with DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS), and 93 controls without ED. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: A convenience sample was used for the cases and a simple, randomised one for controls. A reference standard (structured psychiatrist interview confirming the fulfilment of ED case inclusion criteria) was compared with the EAT-26 questionnaire. Reliability, cultural, semantics, and factorial validation were performed, and the best cut-off score was established with the ROC curve. RESULTS: Four domains remain in the instrument: dieting-bulimia and food pre-occupation, dieting, oral control-dieting, and oral control-bulimia. The Cronbach's alpha was 0.89, and a score of ≥20 is the best cut-off (sensitivity=100% and specificity=97.8%). The positive predictive value was 91.3% and the negative predictive value was 100.0%. CONCLUSIONS: EAT-26 questionnaire is an ideal multidimensional instrument for Eating Disorder screening in risk populations, with excellent reliability, sensitivity and specificity values. EAT-26 could be a useful tool to be considered when strategies for early detection of Eating Disorders are implemented in the male population.

Cáncer de mama: la enfermedad del siglo XXI / Breast cancer: the disease of the 21st century

El cáncer de mama es considerado en la actualidad como una de las patologías más comunes en la población femenina. Su incidencia va en aumento y se asocia a factores de riesgo tales como la edad, el sexo, factores hormonales y antecedentes tanto familiares como personales. Se ha asociado también a ciertos genes (BRCA 1 y BRCA 2), pero en su patogenia están involucrados otros factores como la dieta, el consumo de alcohol y la hiperinsulinemia. El diagnóstico debe ser abordado desde tres lineamientos: clínico, imagenológico e inmunohistoquímico, pues el tratamiento y el pronóstico dependen de la clasificación definitiva del tumor.

Breast cancer is currently considered as one of the most common pathologies in female population. Incidence is increasing and is associated with risk factors such as age, sex, hormonal factors and both family and personal history. It has also been associated with certain genes (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2), but factors such as diet, alcohol consumption and hyperinsulinemia are also involved in its pathogenesis. The diagnosis must be approached from three guidelines: clinical, imaging and immunohistochemical because the treatment and prognosis depend from the definitive classification of the tumor

Tratamiento del adulto mayor con síndrome coronario agudo / Treatment of older adults with acute coronary syndrome

Resumen El adulto mayor se encuentra en una etapa de la vida con cambios fisiológicos importantes que posee repercusiones directas e indirectas sobre su estado clínico, es así como el enfoque diagnóstico y terapéutico de sus patologías debe ser abordado desde una perspectiva diferente, con consideraciones especiales para este grupo poblacional. Lamentablemente, este grupo no ha sido bien representado en los diferentes estudios y por tanto, es mucho lo que desconocemos; su comportamiento y la eficacia de las distintas terapias no están bien establecidos. Teniendo de referencia el síndrome coronario agudo como principal causa de mortalidad en pacientes mayores de 65 años de edad, abordaremos esta entidad desde la evidencia que nos aportan algunos de los registros más importantes al respecto en adultos mayores.

Abstract Older adults find themselves at a stage in their life with important physiological alterations that have a direct and indirect impact on their clinical status, hence why the diagnostic and therapeutic approach of their conditions must be faced from a different perspective, taking into account specific considerations for this population group. Unfortunately, this group has not received proper representation in different studies and therefore a lot remains unknown: their behaviour and efficacy of various therapies have not been appropriately established. Taking into account acute coronary syndrome as the main cause for mortality in patients over 65 years old, we will face this condition from evidence gathered from some of the most important registers regarding this topic in older adults.

Estratificación de riesgo para enfermedad coronaria en adultos mayores / Risk stratification for coronary disease in old adults

La población de adultos mayores ha tenido muy poca representación en los diferentes estudios clínicos, afectando el conocimiento sobre el tratamiento adecuado de este grupo etario. Las determinaciones de excluir a este tipo de población de dichos estudios se hacen basadas en un incremento en la probabilidad de presentar mayores eventos adversos, aumentando la complejidad del análisis de los resultados. Se hace necesario utilizar escalas válidas que permitan evaluar el verdadero riesgo de estos pacientes para desarrollar complicaciones secundarias a procedimientos invasivos. Escalas como: CRUSADE, Italian Elderly ACS, THE STORM y el Consenso Francés, demuestran que al estratificar estos pacientes se logra de forma objetiva determinar la población de adultos mayores que se benefician de una intervención intensiva para lograr mejores desenlaces.

Old adult population has suffered from under-representation in different clinical studies, thus affecting knowledge regarding best treatments for this age group. Reasons to exclude this type of patients in those studies are based on the increased likelihood of presenting more adverse effects, thus raising the complexity of results analysis. It is necessary to use valid scales that can allow to assess the real risk for these patients to develop complications secondary to invasive procedures. Scales such as: CRUSADE, Italian Elderly ACS, THE STORM and French Consensus reveal that stratification of these patients allows for and objective determination of the population of old adults that benefit from an intensive surgery to improve outcomes.

Conceptos actuales sobre el envejecimiento y la enfermedad cardiovascular / Current concepts of aging and cardiovascular disease

En los últimos años se ha presentado un notable incremento en la proporción de población mayor de 65 años de edad, de la mano con el incremento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares, específicamente la enfermedad coronaria. No obstante, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos del envejecimiento y su relación con la salud cardiovascular son un campo de reciente investigación. Resulta fundamental conocer aspectos como: la teoría del acortamiento de telómeros, el papel de la actividad física, el endotelio y los mecanismos moleculares que participan en este proceso, pues ofrecerá herramientas para hacer un manejo acertado de este grupo poblacional, sobre el cual son pocos los estudios y la mayoría de las conductas son extrapoladas de grupos etarios con condiciones fisiológicas completamente diferentes.

In recent years there has been a marked increase in the proportion of the population over 65 years of age, which has gone hand in hand with the escalation of cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary disease. However, pathophysiological mechanisms of aging and its relationship to cardiovascular health is a recent field of research. It is fundamental to know aspects such as the theory of telomere shortening, the role of physical activity, the endothelium and the molecular mechanisms involved in this process, as they will offer tools for a correct management of this population group, upon which few studies are carried out and most behaviours are extrapolated from age groups with completely different physiological conditions.